Fig. 7. Simple schematic diagram of RA effect in the first stage of osseointegration between MC3T3-E1 preosteoblasts and Ti surface. RA enhanced FAs of preosteoblasts on Ti surface by increasing F-actin formation and paxillin contacts though the FAK/Paxillin signaling pathway. RA increased cell proliferation and mitosis of preosteoblasts on Ti surface through the FAK/Grab2/Ras/ERK1/2 signaling pathway via integrin-initiated signaling. RA: rosmarinic acid, Ti: titanium, FAK: focal adhesion kinase.